Ralston Valley Volunteer Fire Department Essay

Question 1: One of Rick Wyatt’s advancement targets ought to be to fabricate mindfulness. The content drew out that numerous residents of Ralston Valley were ignorant of the nearness of volunteer firemen, accepting a paid staff was consistently close by. By making individuals aware of this social help, he can create enthusiasm for his intended interest group of youthful, solid people having the nature of duty. Another target of Wyatt’s is to stimulate request. In this goal, Rick should intend to build up client esteem, giving his crowd a strong motivation to take part in the volunteer fireman program. Satisfying this target will empower the Volunteer Fire Department to increase newcomers. Rick Wyatt’s third goal ought to be to accentuate and fortify the RVVFD brand. This target takes the client esteem built up in target two to select new individuals, hold current individuals, and construct connections. Question 2: To accomplish his limited time Objectives, Rick Wyatt can begin by having a cultural advertising Orientation. This direction will convey to his crowd that the RVVFD is providing the town with required firemen, and is worried about the government assistance of the network. To achieve the goal to construct mindfulness, Wyatt needs to promote. Because of constrained subsidizing, the least expensive and best promoting is informal. Rick was selected by his companion, a RVVFD volunteer, educating him regarding his job in the association. Rick can request that his kindred individuals accept open doors for the duration of the day to tell family, companions, and partners of what they do. Alongside verbal promoting, he can likewise consolidate the web to blog about his encounters. In the wake of building consciousness of the administration, and giving data, he can start to invigorate request. Rick can exploit the yearly exercises, and consolidate little, charming talks, expressing what the organization has accomplished, and its requirement for network interest. Finally, to underscore the RVVFD brand, the advancements need to leave an enduring impact in the core of his crowd. This will manufacture a relationship of trust to his crowd. Rick needs to obviously express the Fire Department’s Mission explanation. It would likewise be savvy to call attention to the prerequisites expected to expected to satisfy the activity, and ingrain certainty that normal regular residents can meet those necessities by bringing up that the power is involved legal advisors just as homemakers. This last stage will be perfect to hold current individuals, and furthermore connecting with new individuals, while setting up a decent notoriety that construct dependability.

Music and Humanity free essay sample

There are sure styles, sorts, and tunes that are ideal for any feeling In any circumstance. Through offering my disposition toward music to others, I have reached the resolution that, albeit apparently Impossible, It Is conceivable to demonstrate that music Is an Innate piece of mankind. I might Want to pause for a minute here, and clarify what I mean by music. Music Is the thankfulness for what we hear; regardless of whether it is a fowls melody, the stir of leaves in the recreation center, or seeing a musical gang perform, individuals are tuning in to music. With this definition, we can concur that music is available around the globe, and everybody identifies with it.This is a kind of association that all people share. This human association is vital to understanding why individuals join themselves to music so unequivocally ?all things considered, how might somebody playing out their own melodies connect too horde of thousands? People are totally attached to music, and it appears. Music In Culture To what degree is music separated of humankind? Music Is common to the point that whole societies are perceived when a mark piece Is heard. The blasts of percussion Instruments can be heard somewhere down In the core of Africa, alongside the Natives yells. The Chinese have portrayed the culled Instruments with a substantial treble tone cap accompanies speedy curves in pitch (Philatelic Management amp: Productions Inc. ). Austrian ring a bell when their people music is heard, and at whatever point somebody hears a quality warble, they know its Swiss (Plangent). These charming sounds have been ringing out of these nations for such a long time that the way of life are currently all around perceived for them. Having set up that music is widespread, it is critical to all the more intently examine a particular culture. What superior to America, probably the greatest focal point of pop music?The United States is a tremendous mixture of deferent societies, bringing about a sister of a wide range of classes of music. The Beach Boys had a ton of fun, peppy, energetic environment, Steve Ray Vaughan shook the blues to depict the rueful side of life, and Elvis Presley gave us an unrest In music all together, with snappy tunes, and adorable verses. There Is a wide assortment of music In the American culture, and this assortment makes many individuals love music. Outside music of India is odd to the commonplace Western crowd. Indians utilize distinctive tuning that doesnt sound very right to the American audience.While American melodies have an example that is rehashed all through, Indians need harmony movement in beneficiary tunes. Additionally, Americans utilize their chest to reverberate sound, while Indians have to a greater extent a crying tone in the rear of their throats. Americans see these melodic practices as abnormal; at the same time, obviously, they sound flawlessly ordinary to somebody that has been brought up in that culture. It doesn't make a difference, at that point, what the music might be, however that the very presence of music interfaces mankind on a more profound premise (Schmidt-Jones). Nervous system science of Music This association runs further than you may might suspect ? music is genuinely instilled in us.From the time we are conceived, there are neurons that are explicitly evolved to enroll music. Our experiences and responses to music associate with various districts in the cerebrum, and this might be the reason people all vibe, somewhat, a similar way when they hear music. There is a locale for hearing the music, an area for the desires for what will come next in a melody, a district for partner it with past recollections and general information, which emerges feelings, and an area for transforming the feelings into actions.These different areas of the cerebrum all work as one when tuning in to music, which makes the demonstration of listening so extreme. The area that partners what you hear with past recollections lets us genuinely identify with the long stretches of a melody, since we have encountered to some degree a similar thing as the lyricist has. Our desires for timing, pitch, and even the notes themselves have a good time with us, in light of the fact that more often than not our desires are not met. Be that as it may, for once, this is definitely not a disillusioning encounter; it is one of miracle, and Joy. This Joy is overpowering to such an extent that a locale in our mind makes us dance.This is a section that instructs your body subliminally, one that we can't stop. This is the thing that gives a non-performer the need to Join in by tapping his foot or tapping his legs. At the point when cash hears music, the cerebrum is the thing that makes listening so amazing (Science Festival Foundation). Feelings of Music is inborn to humankind for this very explanation; the mind is the thing that we use to acknowledge music-?and, in spite of the fact that it may not generally appear it, everybody has a cerebrum. However, what is it precisely that everybody identifies with? Music draws out feeling, and individuals rely upon music to communicate feeling in manners different things cant. It makes a human association through these feelings. Feelings are the reason we tune in to specific styles of music at specific occasions. Music is utilized and felt in various manners. Truth be told, there is by all accounts a specific style of music that goes with every occasion throughout everyday life. A musician sets a sweet, delicate, and sensational mind-set for a sentimental supper, while a warrior gets ready for war by tuning in to the savage verses in a substantial metal tune. A gathering of Juvenile delinquents may tune in to underground rock before accomplishing something unlawful, while a more seasoned man tunes in to Jim Hendrix while getting high.A elitist tunes in to an acoustic guitar player at the nearby Struck, while a family is on an excursion, tuning in to an old blue grass tune. Music goes with everything people are separated of (Zimmerman). Moreover, mankind joins diverse music into various scenes of life in light of the fact that each style of music draws out explicit feelings. We pick which kind normally draws out the feelings that are as of now being mixed by the occasion itself. Sentiments of despairing. It gets the adrenaline hurrying with quick paced drumbeats, and shouts of crude power.It places us in desolation when the minor harmonies go with verses that work up shocking recollections. It places us in muse with fast changes in time, and odd accents. It causes us to release up with the awesome beats, smooth tunes, and punchy rhythms. In a manner not quite the same as whatever else, it causes us to feel. Whats intriguing is that a similar music can cause individuals to feel in an unexpected way. Take the melody l Will Follow You Into the Dark by Death Cab for Cutie, for instance. When appeared to my flat mate Mike, who is a sentimental, he saw the light tone of the harmonies, and the to some degree quick beat.He likewise saw the message of the melody as one of affection and responsibility. Nonetheless, when appeared to my companion Matt, who has endured an ongoing separation, his translation was progressively serious. The harmonies may have been light, yet the tone of his voice drew out forceful feelings of distress from Matt. The message he saw was one of misfortune, and adapting to that torment. It appears, at that point, that the circumstance is answerable for the feelings, not the individual. This revelation is quite noteworthy, in light of the fact that it clarifies probably the greatest focus of music: a concert.Whether it is old style, hip-bounce, or rock, a show binds together the whole crowd with a similar feeling, again making that human association previously mentioned. The inauspicious hints of Bachs orchestras paint fantastic point by point pictures in people groups minds; in a show lobby, everybody sits in wonderment while imagining these pictures. Everybody looks in awe while an expert musician sets out a delightful tune that was made hundreds out of years prior. In an Autumns show, the entire group gazes at the ground, considering the surge of nerve racking feeling that is coursing through them.People feel brought together at shows; nobody around them is stooping, however everybody is supporting of the feelings since they all vibe a similar way. It appears that a show is a kind of separated perfect world, saved uniquely for music and those that have sought it. T. S. Eliot puts it best: muff are the music while the music endures. Verses While individuals feel brought together with one another by tuning in to a similar music, they likewise feel bound together with the craftsman. The one thing that a craftsman needs to interface himself erectly with his crowd is his lyrics.Although music without verses can draw out feeling, the expressions of a tune put the audience through a totally extraordinary encounter. Craftsmen compose words that can attract a huge number of groups, regardless of the audience members individual inclination of sort. The only thing that is in any way important is that they concur with the message. On the off chance that the verses are shallow, yet the music represents itself with no issue, another group is attracted. This music is more for those that move, since it allows them to concentrate on the beat, the cadence, and the tunes, unafraid of losing something different in the words.Therefore, various verses claim to various crowds. Individuals tune in to music with a message they identify with (Murphy). (Philatelic Management ; Productions Inc. ) However, the verses go farther than Just being a story. They are what represent the craftsman, and his ability. The particular words he utilizes draw out specific feelings that we all as the audience members can identify with. On the off chance that the melody is tied in with celebrating, at that point it will in all probability be played at parties. In the event that it is about a separation, at that point those experiencing troubles in a relationship will truly take care of off it to help see how they themselves feel. It That sentiment of lucidity is solid to such an extent that religions feel it is imperative to remember music for the revering of their god or divine beings. It is interesting that they believe they have the chance to speak with such a ground-breaking being(s) and as opposed to doing whatever else, they decide to sing. There are different types of correspondence, yet by then they feel music is the best decision. The words in the message they sing are that of expectation, so they might be consoled in their religion. The words likewise incorporate sentiments of distress and lowliness. These verses assist them with shouting out to their god on an Asia that is not quite the same as some other way Or. . The verses without anyone else, be that as it may, are insufficient

CrowdFlower

CrowdFlower INTRODUCTIONMartin: Today we are in San Francisco in the CrowdFlower office. Hi, Lukas. Who are you and what do you do?Lukas: I am the founder and CEO of CrowdFlower. We help data scientists enriching their data. We make it easy to turn your massive data into clean enriched complete data. That is useful for data scientists because they have to analyze that data or build models.Martin: How did you come up with that idea of CrowdFlower?Lukas: That is simple. I was working as a data scientist. I always felt that the most important part of the process was the collecting and cleaning of the data. In a way, it was my least favorite part of the job but I really wanted to do that, get analysis and build good models. I got interested in building tools to help cleanup data. I found that they were very useful and then I thought this could be useful for other people so I built the company rather helping people clean up their data.Martin: Great! Can you progress through the process once you start ed the company, maybe the first three months or so? What was it like starting the company?Lukas: It was hard. It was a different time. We were little older than a lot of other startups. I remember Y Combinator, it wasnt so clear that that was so important thing. There was a lot less resources for tech entrepreneurs. There wasnt AngelList. AngelList was literally an email list. They would email your company and people would decide to invest or not.It is really somewhat shocking when you go from having a job to starting a company because you have no infrastructure around you to help you. I remember we closed our first deal and we needed to receive a fax and then print it and then send the fax back and so customer was asking: Hey, what is your fax number? I remember we got on our bikes and went to Best Buy, which is a store in America. We literally got a big box. My co-founder, and me we carried it back and we plugged it in and we said okay, you can send us the fax now. There is no inf rastructure and you are not getting a paycheck, which is scary.I think my parents were concerned that maybe I was unemployed. It was super hard. I think it was a lot harder than I was expecting. I was used to building products and having everything else around me taking care of and I think I didnt realize how much work goes into â€" you are doing finances, marketing, sales all those things.Martin: How long did it take you to get the first financing and the first customer?Lukas: The first customer happened early because we needed money. We sold the product long before it was ready. I think if we had had more access to capital we might have waited longer. It took us eighteen months before we raised any financing. Again back then raising seed rounds was hard. There is a lot less interest in doing seed investments. I remember people would laugh at me: You have no business plan, you do not have enough customers. There is no way we re going to invest in you. I think times have changed a l ot.BUSINESS MODEL OF CROWDFLOWERMartin: Let’s talk about business model of CrowdFlower. Did this business model change over time?Lukas: Yes, it changed a lot over time. The way CrowdFlower works is you set up the data cleanup project that you want. We use workforce to go into the jobs and clean them up. Lets say I am a data scientist at eBay and I want to know if a search result is good or bad. It is something that data scientists at eBay are interested in because if you search for iPhone and you get a result as a car with an iPhone adapter in it thats really bad result and you dont buy anything. eBay, they basically write down: Heres my rules, heres what it means for results be relevant, heres what it means for results to be not relevant and then heres a big list of search queries and search results. And I want the crowd to tell me which ones are relevant and not relevant. These are set up in a software and then the crowd does some of the labeling and then we use machine learning to do even more labeling.In early days in the company, we operated as a managed service. You would tell us what you wanted and tell us your requirements and then we would operate the software to get the results for you. We charged per result and weve priced differently based on the types of applications. We switched to model to, now if you are on eBay and you want these results you go into our platform, you set everything up and the platform does all the management. Weve gone through from a managed service model where we price per task and we would take a fixed percentage to now you pay for a platform license and then you can use our platforms as much as you need to. We operate as a SaaS software company now. That is our business model as opposed to managed service.Martin: The example of eBay sounds to me more like you wanted to get this feedback cycle from customers for calibrating the model. In the beginning, you said that you help data scientists to clean their data, which is di fferent â€" can you give us an example of this as well?Lukas: Clean and collect. That is why we are saying ‘enrich’. I think it is the best of what we can think; it means clean and collect. Cleaning is often business data. We work with Autodesk data scientists, for example. They have a huge list of customers and they want to do analytics on their customer base but many times, they have duplicate customers in there. It is even complicated. It is like as YouTube and Google are at the same company. It depends on what youre trying to accomplish. They sent us a big list of customers and then we clean up the records. We say these two records are the same, or we might say this record is mis-categorized, this company isnt a tech company, the more media company or we might say this address looks like it is wrong, this phone number looks like it is wrong. That type of thing.Martin: When we are talking about enrichment you need to get that enrichment right. How do you acquire that people t hat are working and helping data scientists and enriching the data?Lukas: We post a task online and in some cases we pay people directly to do the tasks and in other cases, we have partnered with companies that have big workforces. Weve made deals with companies around the world where we can post tasks on their website and pay people for doing jobs.Martin: How do you control the quality of the work? For example, I am a data scientist and I have tons of data. I need to be sure that the quality I get from you is high because else the analyses will be wrong.Lukas: Our software does it in many different ways. One simple way, simple but effective, is our customers can hide questions where they know what the answer is so they can do some of the labeling themselves. They could say okay this business and this business are the same. If somebody gets that wrong then they didnt understand my instructions. That is the simplest way you can label those. We use that like a test when people come in .We also ask different people the same question and we expect them to agree and if they dont then we worry about that. We also have people look at other peoples’ results and say if theyre good. Our software platform manages all that. Our customer goes and they may write down what they want and then our platform takes care of controlling the quality and building different types of tasks that you need to make sure that results are good.Martin: As I understand, those people are only enriching the data and not modeling features or something like that?Lukas: Just enriching the data. Another thing that our software does is it watches the people label data and it actually builds an algorithm that protects what people are going to do for the label. In some cases, our machine learning software can figure out without even going to human being what the right label should be.Martin: The people, who are enriching the data, are they doing this full time or its just a hobby of them?Lukas: Typica lly, part time.Martin: This means only when I have some kind of job to solve which is bigger I can hire flexible workforce via CrowdFlower?Lukas: Exactly.Martin: How did you acquire the first customers?Lukas: It was hard. We saw the market need and we asked all our friends: Hey, do you know anyone that needs this kind of data cleanup? Luckily, we were able to get to some people that were willing to try us and we took good care of the early customers. Some of them are still with us. LinkedIn was very, very early. I remember this guy, DJ Patil he did our first deal and hes become very famous data scientist. He signed the first contract.In fact, one of our very early customers became an Angel investor, actually two. It is interesting, one of our early customers, Gary Kremen, was the founder of Match.com and he is used us and invested. Then Travis Kalanick, now is is famous as the CEO of Uber, but at the time, he was actually just an engineer working on data problems. He was a very earl y user of a platform member. He called in and he wanted to meet in person. He angel invested in CrowdFlower too. These are early people, who helped us long before Uber.Martin: When you entered the market, did you only provide high discount or did you say try this for free, and if you love it, we can provide you more with a decent pricing?Lukas: We never offered it for free because the problem is I think free is little too easy for people. We felt like you need to pay some things that we know that you actually care about the results and youre not just doing this as a favor for us.Martin: Currently, are you using any distribution partners or are you having only direct sales or more inbound or outbound sales?Lukas: We are mainly direct sales. Our leads mainly come from inbound sources. One of the advantages we have is that we really sell data scientists. I dont think that a lot of companies have figured out how to reach data scientists well. I think Kaggle has done a good job and some others but because we have narrow focus on a specific kind of customer, we find that inbound works well. We just try to make stuff that data scientists are going to be interested in. We put out data. That is what data scientists like. We will post data sets that we think are interesting or useful, we will survey data science industry. We have just run a conference last week for data scientists. I think it was very successful because it was specific. We love data scientists. I was a data scientist. It is easy for us to talk to them.I think we will probably start doing outbound but in my experience I think inbound, its harder to scale in a way, but it is more the way people want to be sold to. I believe in content marketing, for example. Create content that is interesting. People can come to our website and they can learn about the state of the data science industry. Thats useful for them and then optionally they can take a look at CrowdFlower. We dont force you to put in your email address or anything like that. We make the content available and then if people are interested and they want to collect data they can try that.Martin: What is your competitors’ advantage over other platforms where you can also have crowd sources working for you?Lukas: I think the simple answer is quality. Were the biggest platform in terms of volume. The only one thats close in terms of volume is called Mechanical Turk. You have maybe heard of it. They have an advantage because they dont charge any fee to use their marketplace. They have a very low barrier to entry. My experience is that quality is often very bad or at least uneven. What we try to do is make sure the quality is good. I think that we are the highest quality data cleanup provider out there.Martin: Is there a reason for this that you have a kind of mechanics in place or that you have higher qualified workforce?Lukas: One is that our software is better. We are focused on data cleanup for data scientists. That means th at our software is very specific for our application. We have good templates that worked really well for the types of things data scientists want to do. We have good accuracy measurements and sophisticated tools. It is not for everyone. It is for people that really care about data equality and really want to make sure they get good results. What that means on, what we call a contributor side of the marketplace, is people know that theyre being measured and they believe theyre being treated fairly. When we see someone do good work for us for a long time we get them access to more and more work, which is what they want. That means that the people that have been in our system long time you can really trust because theyve proven over and over that they can do high quality work and they like coming back every day. I think better software and better market place means that when customers use us they get high quality results.Martin: Imagine, I am a data scientist. I have several jobs to do . I have some kind of one-time analyzes to do, I have some kind of predictive analytics and algorithms I want to build. Are you only focusing on the first one which is some kind of pattern analyzes to do data enrichment for this, or you have some kind of maintenance data enrichment for live products?Lukas: We love to do maintenance data enrichment for live products. We have tools to help with that. If you want to, you can use machine-learning tools to continuously label your data and you can even set things up so that you send it to the machine learning first and if the machine learning is confident and its answer you get back, and if it is not confident it gets labeled. Then those labels get fed back into the algorithm as a training data. You can use our tools. Many of our customers are advanced data scientists and they choose to use their own tools, their own custom stuff. Thats great too.I think we are especially strong in predictive analytics because it requires so much training data. It is something that many people dont realize. I would say that industry about predictive analytics is the best way to make your models effective. It has given lots and lots training data. Thats a great market for us and we love to help people with that.Martin: Imagine, I am a market place. I would have a job for you and say: Hey, we have one million search results. How much would it cost to label the search results, those one million on search list?Lukas: It depends on many things that you can set. There is a kind of a cost, quality and speed tradeoff. If you are very price-sensitive you just want to get it done as cheap as possible and you are willing to wait you can post a job at a low price and just kind of wait until it finishes. If you really want to get results back faster and you want high quality results than you have to pay a lot to get those results back. We do not mind any of these strategies. We make our money giving you the platform and tell you license for that and then you can pick your tradeoffs. We have a wide range of templates that you can use to get those results back. We will have simple templates that might cost, if it takes a few seconds maybe it only cost you a few cents to say if it is relevant result or not. If you have complicated taxonomy, you have complicated rules or if you want only to target our best contributors then you might have paid a $1 per record or something like that.Martin: Is this auction based? Imagine I would put in the job description and say okay, people can bid or I can set a price â€" how does it work?Lukas: The way our stuff works today is you set the price and then people can choose to do it or not.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM LUKAS BIEWALD In San Francisco (CA), we meet Founder CEO of CrowdFlower, Lukas Biewald. Lukas talks about his story how he came up with the idea and founded CrowdFlower, how the current business model works, as well as he provides some advice for young entrepreneurs.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Today we are in San Francisco in the CrowdFlower office. Hi, Lukas. Who are you and what do you do?Lukas: I am the founder and CEO of CrowdFlower. We help data scientists enriching their data. We make it easy to turn your massive data into clean enriched complete data. That is useful for data scientists because they have to analyze that data or build models.Martin: How did you come up with that idea of CrowdFlower?Lukas: That is simple. I was working as a data scientist. I always felt that the most important part of the process was the collecting and cleaning of the data. In a way, it was my least favorite part of the job but I really wanted to do that, get analysis and build good models. I got interested in buildi ng tools to help cleanup data. I found that they were very useful and then I thought this could be useful for other people so I built the company rather helping people clean up their data.Martin: Great! Can you progress through the process once you started the company, maybe the first three months or so? What was it like starting the company?Lukas: It was hard. It was a different time. We were little older than a lot of other startups. I remember Y Combinator, it wasnt so clear that that was so important thing. There was a lot less resources for tech entrepreneurs. There wasnt AngelList. AngelList was literally an email list. They would email your company and people would decide to invest or not.It is really somewhat shocking when you go from having a job to starting a company because you have no infrastructure around you to help you. I remember we closed our first deal and we needed to receive a fax and then print it and then send the fax back and so customer was asking: Hey, what is your fax number? I remember we got on our bikes and went to Best Buy, which is a store in America. We literally got a big box. My co-founder, and me we carried it back and we plugged it in and we said okay, you can send us the fax now. There is no infrastructure and you are not getting a paycheck, which is scary.I think my parents were concerned that maybe I was unemployed. It was super hard. I think it was a lot harder than I was expecting. I was used to building products and having everything else around me taking care of and I think I didnt realize how much work goes into â€" you are doing finances, marketing, sales all those things.Martin: How long did it take you to get the first financing and the first customer?Lukas: The first customer happened early because we needed money. We sold the product long before it was ready. I think if we had had more access to capital we might have waited longer. It took us eighteen months before we raised any financing. Again back then raisin g seed rounds was hard. There is a lot less interest in doing seed investments. I remember people would laugh at me: You have no business plan, you do not have enough customers. There is no way we re going to invest in you. I think times have changed a lot.BUSINESS MODEL OF CROWDFLOWERMartin: Let’s talk about business model of CrowdFlower. Did this business model change over time?Lukas: Yes, it changed a lot over time. The way CrowdFlower works is you set up the data cleanup project that you want. We use workforce to go into the jobs and clean them up. Lets say I am a data scientist at eBay and I want to know if a search result is good or bad. It is something that data scientists at eBay are interested in because if you search for iPhone and you get a result as a car with an iPhone adapter in it thats really bad result and you dont buy anything. eBay, they basically write down: Heres my rules, heres what it means for results be relevant, heres what it means for results to be not r elevant and then heres a big list of search queries and search results. And I want the crowd to tell me which ones are relevant and not relevant. These are set up in a software and then the crowd does some of the labeling and then we use machine learning to do even more labeling.In early days in the company, we operated as a managed service. You would tell us what you wanted and tell us your requirements and then we would operate the software to get the results for you. We charged per result and weve priced differently based on the types of applications. We switched to model to, now if you are on eBay and you want these results you go into our platform, you set everything up and the platform does all the management. Weve gone through from a managed service model where we price per task and we would take a fixed percentage to now you pay for a platform license and then you can use our platforms as much as you need to. We operate as a SaaS software company now. That is our business mo del as opposed to managed service.Martin: The example of eBay sounds to me more like you wanted to get this feedback cycle from customers for calibrating the model. In the beginning, you said that you help data scientists to clean their data, which is different â€" can you give us an example of this as well?Lukas: Clean and collect. That is why we are saying ‘enrich’. I think it is the best of what we can think; it means clean and collect. Cleaning is often business data. We work with Autodesk data scientists, for example. They have a huge list of customers and they want to do analytics on their customer base but many times, they have duplicate customers in there. It is even complicated. It is like as YouTube and Google are at the same company. It depends on what youre trying to accomplish. They sent us a big list of customers and then we clean up the records. We say these two records are the same, or we might say this record is mis-categorized, this company isnt a tech company, the more media company or we might say this address looks like it is wrong, this phone number looks like it is wrong. That type of thing.Martin: When we are talking about enrichment you need to get that enrichment right. How do you acquire that people that are working and helping data scientists and enriching the data?Lukas: We post a task online and in some cases we pay people directly to do the tasks and in other cases, we have partnered with companies that have big workforces. Weve made deals with companies around the world where we can post tasks on their website and pay people for doing jobs.Martin: How do you control the quality of the work? For example, I am a data scientist and I have tons of data. I need to be sure that the quality I get from you is high because else the analyses will be wrong.Lukas: Our software does it in many different ways. One simple way, simple but effective, is our customers can hide questions where they know what the answer is so they can do some o f the labeling themselves. They could say okay this business and this business are the same. If somebody gets that wrong then they didnt understand my instructions. That is the simplest way you can label those. We use that like a test when people come in.We also ask different people the same question and we expect them to agree and if they dont then we worry about that. We also have people look at other peoples’ results and say if theyre good. Our software platform manages all that. Our customer goes and they may write down what they want and then our platform takes care of controlling the quality and building different types of tasks that you need to make sure that results are good.Martin: As I understand, those people are only enriching the data and not modeling features or something like that?Lukas: Just enriching the data. Another thing that our software does is it watches the people label data and it actually builds an algorithm that protects what people are going to do for t he label. In some cases, our machine learning software can figure out without even going to human being what the right label should be.Martin: The people, who are enriching the data, are they doing this full time or its just a hobby of them?Lukas: Typically, part time.Martin: This means only when I have some kind of job to solve which is bigger I can hire flexible workforce via CrowdFlower?Lukas: Exactly.Martin: How did you acquire the first customers?Lukas: It was hard. We saw the market need and we asked all our friends: Hey, do you know anyone that needs this kind of data cleanup? Luckily, we were able to get to some people that were willing to try us and we took good care of the early customers. Some of them are still with us. LinkedIn was very, very early. I remember this guy, DJ Patil he did our first deal and hes become very famous data scientist. He signed the first contract.In fact, one of our very early customers became an Angel investor, actually two. It is interesting, o ne of our early customers, Gary Kremen, was the founder of Match.com and he is used us and invested. Then Travis Kalanick, now is is famous as the CEO of Uber, but at the time, he was actually just an engineer working on data problems. He was a very early user of a platform member. He called in and he wanted to meet in person. He angel invested in CrowdFlower too. These are early people, who helped us long before Uber.Martin: When you entered the market, did you only provide high discount or did you say try this for free, and if you love it, we can provide you more with a decent pricing?Lukas: We never offered it for free because the problem is I think free is little too easy for people. We felt like you need to pay some things that we know that you actually care about the results and youre not just doing this as a favor for us.Martin: Currently, are you using any distribution partners or are you having only direct sales or more inbound or outbound sales?Lukas: We are mainly direct sales. Our leads mainly come from inbound sources. One of the advantages we have is that we really sell data scientists. I dont think that a lot of companies have figured out how to reach data scientists well. I think Kaggle has done a good job and some others but because we have narrow focus on a specific kind of customer, we find that inbound works well. We just try to make stuff that data scientists are going to be interested in. We put out data. That is what data scientists like. We will post data sets that we think are interesting or useful, we will survey data science industry. We have just run a conference last week for data scientists. I think it was very successful because it was specific. We love data scientists. I was a data scientist. It is easy for us to talk to them.I think we will probably start doing outbound but in my experience I think inbound, its harder to scale in a way, but it is more the way people want to be sold to. I believe in content marketing, for exampl e. Create content that is interesting. People can come to our website and they can learn about the state of the data science industry. Thats useful for them and then optionally they can take a look at CrowdFlower. We dont force you to put in your email address or anything like that. We make the content available and then if people are interested and they want to collect data they can try that.Martin: What is your competitors’ advantage over other platforms where you can also have crowd sources working for you?Lukas: I think the simple answer is quality. Were the biggest platform in terms of volume. The only one thats close in terms of volume is called Mechanical Turk. You have maybe heard of it. They have an advantage because they dont charge any fee to use their marketplace. They have a very low barrier to entry. My experience is that quality is often very bad or at least uneven. What we try to do is make sure the quality is good. I think that we are the highest quality data cle anup provider out there.Martin: Is there a reason for this that you have a kind of mechanics in place or that you have higher qualified workforce?Lukas: One is that our software is better. We are focused on data cleanup for data scientists. That means that our software is very specific for our application. We have good templates that worked really well for the types of things data scientists want to do. We have good accuracy measurements and sophisticated tools. It is not for everyone. It is for people that really care about data equality and really want to make sure they get good results. What that means on, what we call a contributor side of the marketplace, is people know that theyre being measured and they believe theyre being treated fairly. When we see someone do good work for us for a long time we get them access to more and more work, which is what they want. That means that the people that have been in our system long time you can really trust because theyve proven over and over that they can do high quality work and they like coming back every day. I think better software and better market place means that when customers use us they get high quality results.Martin: Imagine, I am a data scientist. I have several jobs to do. I have some kind of one-time analyzes to do, I have some kind of predictive analytics and algorithms I want to build. Are you only focusing on the first one which is some kind of pattern analyzes to do data enrichment for this, or you have some kind of maintenance data enrichment for live products?Lukas: We love to do maintenance data enrichment for live products. We have tools to help with that. If you want to, you can use machine-learning tools to continuously label your data and you can even set things up so that you send it to the machine learning first and if the machine learning is confident and its answer you get back, and if it is not confident it gets labeled. Then those labels get fed back into the algorithm as a training data. You can use our tools. Many of our customers are advanced data scientists and they choose to use their own tools, their own custom stuff. Thats great too.I think we are especially strong in predictive analytics because it requires so much training data. It is something that many people dont realize. I would say that industry about predictive analytics is the best way to make your models effective. It has given lots and lots training data. Thats a great market for us and we love to help people with that.Martin: Imagine, I am a market place. I would have a job for you and say: Hey, we have one million search results. How much would it cost to label the search results, those one million on search list?Lukas: It depends on many things that you can set. There is a kind of a cost, quality and speed tradeoff. If you are very price-sensitive you just want to get it done as cheap as possible and you are willing to wait you can post a job at a low price and just kind of wait until it f inishes. If you really want to get results back faster and you want high quality results than you have to pay a lot to get those results back. We do not mind any of these strategies. We make our money giving you the platform and tell you license for that and then you can pick your tradeoffs. We have a wide range of templates that you can use to get those results back. We will have simple templates that might cost, if it takes a few seconds maybe it only cost you a few cents to say if it is relevant result or not. If you have complicated taxonomy, you have complicated rules or if you want only to target our best contributors then you might have paid a $1 per record or something like that.Martin: Is this auction based? Imagine I would put in the job description and say okay, people can bid or I can set a price â€" how does it work?Lukas: The way our stuff works today is you set the price and then people can choose to do it or not.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM LUKAS BIEWALDMartin: Let†™s talk about your learnings over the last year. What has been the major learnings from your side?Lukas: One thing thats really served us that we didnt do in the beginning that I wish we have done earlier is to focus on one particular kind of customer. I think for a lot of entrepreneurs that come out with a new tool like a really new approach, a new kind of thing you can get lots of different people that are interested in using it. When we first launched CrowdFlower, we had many different kinds of people saying wow this is a cool tool. It is for surveys; I can do site usability testing with it and all other amazing things I can do with it. What that does is it feels good because you have all these options but it makes it impossible to do marketing. It was a scary hard decision for us to say hey were going to focus on data science. It was really difficult and I think a lot of the team was worried because data scientists were less than a quarter of our customer base. However, I felt t hat the data scientists were the happiest customers. I knew that if we focused on them we would be able to grow that market.I think one of the skills of entrepreneurs to say is not how is things now but how could things change. Back in 2012, it looked like a data science market was small. Some of our investors and the management were as if this is too small. We cannot only focus on this market. I think if you look at the trends if youre in it, you are thinking wow this markets going to grow a lot so. Having some patience like the one we are going to focus on this now because it is going to set us up for success later. It is going to help us make a good decision. That decision is one of the best decisions that we have ever made. In retrospect, it looks like an obvious decision but at the time, it was not obvious. We had two executives leave because they were not on board. The decision seemed too risky.Martin: What other lessons did you learn over the years?Lukas: I think another unde rrated piece of running a business, and I have actually seen this in many of my friends companies’ too, is it is important to really like your customers. Everyone says: It is true. In many ways, your customer is your most important constituent. As a founder, you really want to like the people that you serve. One of the things that have made running this company fun is that I like data scientists. When I go to the data science conference I am interested I love hearing what they are up to. I feel much comfortable hanging out with the data scientists than often like C-level executives of the companies that were in. I find their problems much more interesting than like managing thousand persons team. I think that there is definitely an effective strategy with the business when you are going to the top and target the C-suite. But I think for us, as far as it looks for us as a business and our DNA is serving data scientists and making them successful.I see that in many people that have gotten frustrated. Sometimes people go into business thinking they are going to serve one market that they like and then they end up serving a different market. Sometimes it works great but often it fails because they do not like that market. I have friends sell to HR, some of them love HR conferences. And then I have other friends that have discovered that HR is a great place to sell to but you know I dont like these people that much. You cannot succeed if you dont really enjoy your customers.That is something to think about when I look at people and they ask me hey, I want to start a company. One way of looking at it is working backwards from whom you want to serve. Whom do you like? You maybe like entrepreneurs. Then you can start with that. Okay. I like entrepreneurs. What do they really want? I think like back into like that is a real recipe for success because you are going to make something you want; it’s going to be fun. If you are running a company, you spend so much of y our time with customers. This is going to be most of your life.Martin: Lukas, let’s talk about the growth options because you described that when the data science market was still small, you said: Okay, I bet on that the market will grow, data enrichment provider. But at some point the market is saturated with this kind of service. What other growth options do you perceive for your company?Lukas: I would say we are far from selling every data scientists in the world. I think that we are going to grow with that for a good long time. In the back of my mind, there are so many cool things to try but I do not ever bring that up because we need to focus on saturating the data science market before we start to worry about expansion opportunities. I even think that there are ways to serve our market better so that we can actually increase the value that were making for our customers beyond just what were doing today. You look at the average sales price today; I think that could actually g o up a lot in a way that everyone looks good about it because we can make our software more useful and sell more modules to our customer base. I guess for me, in my situation, I look more at how do we actually saturate the market because we actually havent done it yet and then how do we expand within the market that we are in.For example, we have launched a new AI module recently. It was interesting experience for me because it was the biggest launch that we have had since we launched CrowdFlower. The original CrowdFlower did not have a machine-learning piece. Every record that you got back then was done by the Crowd. Recently we launched a thing where it is ok to say now you can have it done by artificial intelligence module. When we first built the CrowdFlower I think the hardest thing as an entrepreneur is to get feedback on what you are doing because people are busy and if theyre not using it, it is really hard to get peoples attention.These books like The Lean Startup, The Four Steps to the Epiphany, they are excellent. They tell you: Hey, run everything by customers before you make it. That is easier said than done because you cannot just call up a potential user and they take your phone call. You really have to hustle to get in front of them. It was interesting to build this kind of second module for our data scientists, to do data enrichment because we actually had hundreds of people everyday that are logging on the CrowdFlower trying to enrich the data, using the tools. So Hey, here I is what I am thinking. I think we built machine learning, do you have any feedback on it? Of course, they have tons of feedback because they are so excited that were going to make the tool even more useful for them. It was a much faster customer development process that we were able to run because we had his existing customer base â€" they were all trying to do the same thing.Martin: Just for clarification, the new AI module basically tries to do what the humans have bee n doing based on the machine learning that data enrichment is done by an algorithm which improves over time?Lukas: Exactly.Martin: The feedback loop is then done by your customers so the data scientists or is it done also by the Crowd?Lukas: The feedback loop is be done by the Crowd. In a sense that if the data scientist is controlling everything, the data scientist might say: If the model is under 90% confident in the answer, I want a human to actually look at it. We automatically feed that back in the oven so it could get smarter. If we get 85% confident then we get a human to label it, then the algorithm can see if: I was right in which case it gets little more confident, or maybe I am wrong in which case it gets less confident and sort of retrain the parameters.Martin: Thereby you can reduce the cost for data enrichment because they can only focus on the last 10%.Lukas: Exactly. A good question. I think I explained it well.Martin: Lukas, thank you so much for sharing your knowle dge.Lukas: Thank you very much.Martin: If you are a data scientist you know data is the key for building some really awesome data products. If you want to enrich your data you have to focus on the cool machine-learning stuff then maybe you should think about CrowdFlower.

The strategy of portfolio diversification in finance - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2626 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Portfolio diversification is a widely recognized investment strategy that helps protect investors from the unpredictability of markets, as the old caution Do not put all eggs in one basket applies. As a risk management technique, diversification helps to surrender higher returns and set lower risks by mixing a variety of investments within a portfolio. Consider an investor has an exposure to one asset class, such as to UK Equities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The strategy of portfolio diversification in finance" essay for you Create order The earnings of the investor will fluctuate completely with that for UK Equities. But if the investor diversifies to also hold UK Gilts, some of the risks embedded in this portfolio can be removed without impacting on returns, since one performs strongly while the other may not. Take the equity market crash in the October 1987 as an example, UK Equities declined 27% for the month while UK Gilts increased by approximately 6%. In this situation, the security specific risks can be eliminated to a certain extent by gaining an exposure to other asset classes. (Frontier Capital Management, January 2009) The key benefits of diversification are reducing portfolio loss and volatility, which are documented in both academics and practice. The Modern Portfolio Theory suggests that to obtain diversification benefits, the feasible correlation range should be between [-1, 1). By holding assets not perfectly correlated (ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  1), that is, do not move in perfectly same direction, the risks in a portfolio can be lowered and higher risk-adjusted returns can be achieved. In other words, the lower the correlation between assets, the greater the risk reduction can be obtained. Market Portfolio, a properly diversified portfolio reduces the all diversifiable risk to the level of non-diversifiable risk, through combination of all assets classes that generate the highest risk adjusted returns. This portfolio suggests diversifying as much as possible amongst uncorrelated assets, not to be restricted to one country but including all asset classes globally. Related Literature Review U.S. and other investors have already started investing in foreign securities markets. Global markets have become more incorporated; these may lead the broad tendency toward liberalization, deregulation in the money and the capital markets of developing countries. These modifications have resulted in greater correlation between national stock markets (decreased profits from international diversification). This may lead to future gains for the emerging markets such as Asia and Latin America. Nowadays the investors are looking to invest in emerging markets with promising international diversifications such as those of Central Europe. According to the modern portfolio theory, the benefits of international portfolio diversification are connected with the correlations of security returns. The advantages of international diversification come up from the low correlations among developed and emerging equity markets have been confirmed in a number of studies such as Eun and Resnick (1984 ), Errunza and Padmanabhan(1988), Wheatly (1988), Meric and Meric (1989), Bailey and Stulz (1990), Divecha et al. (1992) and Michaud et al. (1996). Early studies by Grubel (1968), Levy and Sarnat (1970) believed there are low correlations between index returns in different countries and argued the benefits of international diversification outweigh the huge costs, including transaction costs, regulatory and cultural differences, exchange rate risks. Since the foreign investments incline to be less closely correlated with domestic investments, diversification benefits could be obtained. For example, an economic downturn in the U.S. may not affect Japans economy in the same way, which allows a U.S investor to have a small cushion of protection from Japanese investments against losses from the U.S. economic downturn. Recent evidence has shown that international diversification benefits are small for U.S. investors once transaction costs and short-sales constraints are incorporated (D eRoon, Nijman, and Werkerhenceforth, 2001). However, for investors in small, developing countries, global diversification may be much more important than for U.S. investors. Washington University Theory suggests and results show that firm performance is at the beginning positive but eventually diminishes and becomes negative as international diversification enhances. The product diversification mitigates the connection between international diversification and performance. International diversification is negatively related to performance in non-diversified firms, positively related in highly product-diversified firms, and non-linearly related in sparingly product-diversified firms. International diversification is also positively related to intensity, but the interaction effects with product diversification are negative. The results of this study provide evidence of the importance of international diversification for competitive advantage but also suggest the complexities of imp lementing it to achieve these advantages. A common feature of the above studies is that correlations between equity markets were estimated using relatively short-term horizons (weekly, monthly or quarterly). Kasa in 1992 mentioned that the benefits from international diversification affected by low correlations may be a misleading result for investors with long-term investment horizons if equity markets are trending together. Therefore, many current studies have used a combination of techniques to investigate whether there is any link and long-term actions between both developed and emerging equity markets. These examinations have created varied results and conclusions to the expenditure from diversification for US investors. Investigating long-term connections between the US and European equity markets, Kasa (1992) and Arshanapalli and Doukas (1993) generated confirmations of connections between the US with those markets; although, the results in Byers and Peel (1993) a nd Kanas (1998) recommend that there is no such connection. Diversity in time periods looked at **************** and research methods applied may explain the difference of outcomes between these studies. Studies of developed markets in the Pacific area have also created diverse findings. Campbell and Hamao (1992) argue that the US and Japanese markets are extremely incorporated, while results by Harvey (1991) and Chan et al. (1992) pointed out a lack of unification between the US and Asian markets. Sewell et al. (1996) confirms varying integration between Pacific Rim equity markets and the US. DeFusco et al. (1996) report that the US market is not united with thirteen emerging capital markets in three geographical regions the Pacific Basin, Latin America and the Mediterranean. Felix et al. (1998) found no progress between the US and a number of developing markets. The noticeable autonomy of the US and emerging markets recommend the existence of long-term benefits from diversif ication across these countries. However, several recent studies, such as those of Roll (1988), Hamao et al. (1990), Lau and McInish (1993), Rahman and Yung(1994), and Meric and Meric (1997), confirmed a significant rise in correlations and volatility transmission between equity markets during and after, the 1987 international equity market crash. P.T.O Empirical Analysis of Diversification By conducting the empirical analysis, well study the effects of diversification into emerging market on the expected return and risk of investors portfolios using efficient frontier and CAPM. Efficient Frontier Analysis We choose the Bond Index and Developed Market Index as the representatives of domestic markets risk and return level of U.S. investors, while using the Emerging Market Index as the representative of the emerging market. Our analysis is based on data from Oct.30, 1991 to Sept.30, 2010, totaling 230 samples (from DataStream). We have obtained the current U.S. 3-month Treasury bill rate as the risk-free rate (from Financial Time, annualized figure is 0.13%). To calculate the Efficient Frontier, we assume that investors can borrow and lend at the risk free rate of interest and that they are able to take short positions. By comparing the differences between the market portfolios and their efficient frontiers before and after diversification, we can conclude the influence of diversification into emerging markets on investors efficient set. Integrated analysis First we conduct the empirical analysis on the whole time period: 1991-2010. By calculating the market portfolio comprised by Bond and Developed market index and the new market portfolio made by diversification into emerging market, we can compare their efficient frontiers and have an initial impression on the effects of diversification. The result is shown in graph 2-1. Graph 2.1: 1991-2010 From the graph we can see that diversification into emerging market do bring us more expected return given the same risk than undiversified portfolio. But we also observe a slight improvement of 2.65% i.e. from 0.296 to 0.304 in the slope of efficient frontier. The risk-return improvement brought by diversification is quite insignificant. Period analysis Considering the large volatility of the correlation among assets and the riskless rate along with the time period, which may largely influence the effectiveness of our estimate on Market Portfolio and Efficient Frontier, we divide the 19-year data into 4 parts: 1991-1995, 1996-2000, 2001-2005 and 2006-2010. The following is the Efficient Frontier analysis of different periods: 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 1991-2010 Number of Assets 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 Theta 0.29 0.48 0.14 0.35 0.11 -0.41 0.20 0.31 0.296 0.304 Improvement 66.58% 150.57% 282.26% 57.64% 2.65% Graph 2.2: Period Analysis (Note: Although the theta of three portfolios efficient frontier in period 2001-2005 is -0.41, but the slope of the efficient frontier is positive. The improvement of the diversification into emerging market in this period is calculated by using this positive slope 0.41.) As compared to the integrated analysis, the period analysis reveals a much more significant risk-reduction ability of diversification: the slopes of efficient frontier in the four periods are all largely improved, which is much bigger than that of the integrated analysis.  developed bond emerging developed 1 bond 0.776821 1 emerging -0.04983 -0.13109 1 Graph 2.3: Correlation between Emerging and other two assets The reason why the risk-reduction ability of diversification in smaller period is larger than that in the whole time range is that the effects of different return maximizing policies are offset by each other during a long period. We can see from the above chart that the efficient set can be achieved only by short selling the market portfolio and buying the riskless asset in the third period, while in the other three periods, the policies are opposite i.e. buying the market portfolio and riskless asset at the same time or taking short position on riskless asset in order to buy the market portfolio. These two opposite policies both have significant effects on maximizing returns and minimizing risk in their separate periods. When conducting the integrated analysis, we are unable to separate these differe nt effects making the influences of the third period offset by that of the others and showing relatively smaller and weaker risk-reduction ability than separate periods. But this insignificant figure can not deny the efficiency of diversification in reducing the risk and enhancing the returns. When we take a closer look at the correlation matrix (Graph 2.3), we find that the correlation between the Emerging and the other two assets (developed and bond) are very small which appear to be -0.04983 and -0.13109. According to the definition of Diversification we clarified above, the small negative correlations between these assets explain the significant risk-control effects by diversifying into the emerging market in the different periods. Therefore, the considerable influence of diversification on efficient frontier reflected in period analysis is really worth our attention. CAPM Analysis Beta is a measure of the sensitivity of the assets returns to market returns. We have obtained the betas for MSCI all country index , MSCI developed market index, MSCI emerging market index and Barclays US long government bond index which are 1, 0.98, 1.27 and -0.036. As for the calculation of expected return of the three indexes by CAPM, we need to estimate three elements, namely risk free rate, beta of the index and market return. From the previous parts, we have obtained the betas of the three stocks and the market return which is the mean of MSCI all country index. For MSCI all country index, the CAPM expected return is the original mean 0.00569, since it has a beta of 1. For MSCI developed market index, the beta is 0.98, which is very close to one, hence the CAPM generated expected return is 0.559, very close to the market return. For MSCI emerging market index with a beta of 1.27, higher than 1, which means there is a higher risk than the market thus, it has a CAPM expe cted return of 0.69. The Barclays US long government bond index has a negative beta of -0.036, which means it moves in the opposite direction of the market, hence, it has the lowest CAPM expected return of 0.1. Recommendation and Limitation Recommendations Including the percentage by which expected return improves on average by efficient frontier. Talking about benefits in terms of risk mentioning beta and correlation from capm. Having looked at the advantages of diversification we would also talk about some of the disadvantages it possesses. Trend is that markets are getting incorporated so influence of U.S all over the world. Disadvantage- still worth investing; Politics Difficulties which range from unfamiliarity with infrastructure legal issues, accounting differences, and currency risk can have a dampening effect on international diversification. This article examines a group of chemical, electronic, pharmaceutical, textile, food, scientific, industrial, farm equipment and motor vehicle industries. Relate it last part of lack of information.* Difficult to get detailed information about the asset, performance, market. Therefore difficult to decide based on assumptions and limited knowledge. This adds to the ris k of your investment. However having a thorough analysis of international diversification and looking both the merits and the demerits in detail it is evident that there are a number of benefits of diversification but some potential disadvantages as well. It can give you a lot of benefits if diversified properly that implies you have enough knowledge about the asset you are going to invest and the underlying trends of that assets together with its market potential which is hardly achieved by an ordinary person. Therefore it would be in the best interest of the investors to invest internationally if they have access to proper sources or professional advisors that have the appropriate information about the U.S market and the emerging market and the relationship between these two markets. Limitations In the end we would talk about some of the limitations that were inevitable in our analysis. 1. Riskless rate- we use current Risk free rate though we have a data of 19 years; changes a lot in a long time period 2. Short sale- assume that we can short sale all the time but not possible in the real world. 3. Transaction costs- we ignore these costs however they do exist and whether we will be able to gain any benefits if they exist. 4. We only do our study on the basis of market instead of individual assets. First, market index may not really tell us the performance of the securities in this market. Second, since the investment of an investor can only include limited securities, the market based research can never best describe the effect of diversification in practice. The CAPM is an important area of financial management. It is the linear relationship between the return required of an investment and its risk. The CAPM is often criticized as being unrealistic beca use of the assumption, on which it is based. If the parameters of the model cant be estimated accurately then the definition of the market index is different or the company may have changed during the estimation period. Also if the model is right, there should be a linear relationship between returns and betas and the only variable which should explain returns, is betas. Unfortunately, the relationship between betas and returns is weak and other variables such as size, price, and value seem to have differences in returns. Capm has a number of unrealistic assumptions such as: 1-perfect capital market exists,i.e the market is efficient market (in equilibrium). 2-lending and borrowing can take place at risk free rates. 3-all investors have the same expectations about return and risk 4-capm works only when we r well diversified, only a diversied portfolio investor can use capm(unsystematic risk is not accounted for into capm) 5-risk is measured on the basis of histo ric returns patterns and assumption is that returns pattern will repeat in the future . 6-beta worked out from std. Dev. Of returns which are in turn measured on the basis of historic return pattern and also it is assumed that the pattern will repeat in future. Limitations: Use current Risk free rate; changes a lot in a long time period Financial crisis; not easy to diversify

Marketing Research Exam 1 - 1473 Words

In order to develop the â€Å"right strategy† to succeed in business, managers must make the right decisions; and in order to make the right decisions, they must have objective, accurate, and timely : E. information about market trends and changes. Andrea Livingston arrives at her desk at western utility corporation, a provider of electrical power. she accesses her lexis-nexis comp program, which provides her with articles containing information related to utilities industry. she discovers.....Andrea is accessing which component of the MIS of western utility corporation? A. marketing intelligence. Because marketing has been defined as a function instead of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for†¦show more content†¦What type of experiment involves manipulating the independent variable and measuring the dependent variable in a natural setting? B. field experiments. When a variable exerts influence on the dependent variable and isn’t an independent variable we refer to it as a(n): B. extraneous variable. Which of following is true about research design? B. research design should be selected after thoroughly considering the problem and research objectives. Bob is a salesperson with the Acme Corporation. Bob has just made a large sale, and he accesses acme’s marketing information system in order to determine if the company has enough existing inventory to fill the large order. bob is accessing which component of Acme’s MIS? B. internal reports. The marketing concepts is important for marketing managers because it dictates: D. day-to-day decisions that managers will make. The MR industry launched the first ever certification program for MRers and this certification program is sponsored by: D. Marketing Research Association (MRA). Which of the following involves entering data in computer files, inspecting the data for errors, and running tabulations and various statistical tests? B. data analysis. Which of the following is true regarding non-sampling errors? A. it is important to know the possible causes of non-sampling error so that appropriate steps may be taken to limit their occurrence. How can it be determined if an experiment is valid? E. a and b are correct. (the observedShow MoreRelatedMkt 421 Final Exam Answers1681 Words   |  7 PagesMKT 421 Final Exam – Assignment [pic] Questions  to  MKT 421 Final Exam Answers  are as follow: 1. Compared with other approaches to business, the marketing concept is distinct in that it: †¢ Produces new products and services. †¢ Focuses on satisfying customers needs. †¢ Focuses on sales. †¢ Creates a broad assortment of products. 2. 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BR Richardson Timber Corporation Free Essays

People want different things from work, usually when we get what we want we are motivated and our morale helps us to improve the quality of our work and lives. For most people money is the motivation but often it is necessary to tie in monetary rewards with non-monetary rewards so that employees remain motivated. A combination of these will almost always lead to commitment to an organization, innovative ideas and generally high quality of work. We will write a custom essay sample on BR Richardson Timber Corporation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Human resource policies should be such that they empower the most important of all the resources that a company has which is its people. This will translate to large profits for the company and great satisfaction among the employees. Safety and health issues are a major issue in the BR Timber Company. Most employees in the company are dissatisfied with their jobs, working hours and working conditions. Morale is down and as a result productivity is decreased with increased job turnover as high as 70 percent in some departments of the company. Ron, the team leader in gluing reports that new members rarely last a year at the gluing department. This is due to the work they are introduced to upon starting work. The grueling tasks involved usually result in back injuries. Often there is no orientation to the job and the new workers learn on the job about the rights technique of hanging beams. Ron reports that most men have bad backs, broken fingers and toes, and hernias. An interview with Marty reveals that a death had occurred at the gluing department. Even with this the death the men were expected to act as if nothing had happened and continue working. The mean also showed great concern for a man who had sustained a concussion after hitting a center nail in the overcrowded gluing area. During a tour of the plant it was noted that safety was very much compromised placing the worker’s health at risk. For instance, some workers did not have helmets, others did not have safety glasses, and band-saw safety devices were absent. Dirk a scheduler with a masters in forestry also reported that the employees did not under go any physicals. Though the men had medical insurance this was not enough to pick up their morale in relation to the safety of their working conditions. The stacks of beams are stacked too high such that they fall frequently. This in fact is how a death occurred at the plant. Some of the machines given to the workers are also not in good working order for example Rolf cited a machine that has four wheels and five feet of clearance. The machine has neither brakes nor shut-off making it inefficient and ineffective to work with. The building and ventilation standards of the plant as reported by Ro are below average leading to serious weight loss among the men during the summer. Physical well being and a healthy mind are necessary if a workforce is to be healthy. A healthy workforce is a motivated one and usually when one is in good physical health the mind is at ease and the worker can concentrate on his work. This is only possible if the worker knows that his working environment is safe and poses no danger to his health. This is absent at BR Timber Company. To begin with, BR Timber Company needs to set up an employee service that ensures that the employees undergo a physical and that they are up to the hard work expected of them. This will help in identification of any employees who may be risking their health by doing the grueling tasks at the plant. It is necessary to work with the quality control manager to develop guidelines that are task-specific for the different jobs and working environments in the place. Most men get accidents because they do not get the concept of a task clearly. The frequent movement of men from one job to another makes it difficult for them to be trained. To deal with the mistakes made the men need to be at one work station long enough to learn what exactly is needed in the beams and thus increase safety with less mistakes being made. OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) recommended that ergonomic policies be made voluntary rather than mandatory. This aims at reducing work-related injuries and is better when it is voluntary rather than mandatory because then the company is free to follow these guidelines without feeling coerced. The benefits especially for BR Timber Company ion having employees’ health maintained is that employees will need less time off because injuries (Ju, 2007). For BR Timber a safe environment would be provided by first ensuring that employees have the necessary safety gear. This includes ensuring that helmets and safety glasses are available to all employees in all shifts. In addition the company should improve the condition in its glue area which has many damps causing the place to be crowded and creating difficulty in walking around. The absence of safety devices for band saws should also be looked into so that the band saws are fitted with guarding. Ensuring that warning signs are placed at strategic points in the plant to improve safety by providing employees and visitors of potential danger should also be done. The storage area for the beams is a dangerous area with one death already having occurred due to the stacks of beams being too high and thus falling. A solution to this problem would be to make the stacks lower and look for adequate space like suggested by Dirk that a bigger yard could be created by knocking out the field and organizing the stacks so that their disarray could cease posing a danger to the employees. Maintenance of equipment and machines is also another issue that contributes to poor working and safety conditions. By regularly repairing the work-out machines or repairing them altogether the company stands to gain more in the long run since efficiency will be increased and productivity together with safety will also be enhanced. No employee is comfortable using a machine that has no brakes, so a simple intervention like ensuring all the machines have breaks would make the employees feel safer. The job of ensuring safety does not only lie with management but also with the employees. If and when quality safety gear is provided the management should make sure that the employees use them appropriately. By allowing ongoing inspection teams to ensure that the company and its employees are taking the necessary safety precautions a higher level of accountability is encouraged and the company is more likely to adhere to a safe workplace and with the employees adhering to the safety guidelines. The solutions to the safety problems at BR Timber Company would best be addressed by incorporating the assistance of a safety consultancy agency. OSHA has many resources that would be useful for the company. In addition they offer computer software and technical information assistance that is easy to follow and that has specifications of OSHA standards meaning that the company cannot go wrong on safety if they seek services of such an agency. Another strategy that BR Timber Company needs to employ for the sake of the health of its workers is to put up a counseling unit for the workers. Many of the employees seem to be very concerned and disturbed about injuries sustained by a worker (Bob) who was hit by a centre rail and also by the death of a colleague at the beam stacking area. Though most of the men wanted to go home that day, they were not allowed showing some degree of insensitivity to the men’s state of mind following the loss of a colleague. The employees would have benefited a lot from having supportive services then. Education concerning injury prevention should be regularly provided for the employees. These would be especially helpful in preventing back injuries and knowing how to manage hernias which are both common problems in the BR Timber Company. Compensation and benefits is another pressing issue in the company. It is mainly related to overtime. The amount of work the employees put in is significantly disproportionate to their pay. The workers felt that they were paid 60 cents per hour lower than the union and added that when the union got a 65 cents-per-hour raise, the employees at BR Timber Company got a 45 cent-per-hour raise. This being among the lowest paid employees in the timber business means that they are not motivated much. The only other benefit that seems available to these employees is the medical insurance cover. Most of the employees seem unhappy with their salaries even with overtime included. When a softball team was setup by one of the employees financing for it was inadequate since it required about $700 and the staff were only given $250. Due to the compulsory nature of overtime most employees do not even have the time to play the game. For most, they go home eat sleep and wake up again to go to work with very little time spent with their families. One of the things the company is doing right is providing medical cover for the employees. Other solutions to poor motivation due to poor salaries in benefits include pay increments. This would be better handled by a compensation analyst to ensure that the employees’ salaries are matched with those of other union employees. This does not have to happen to immediately it could be a plan over time in which the employees get gradual increases in payment following a survey of their salary scales. (Mathis and Jackson, 2006) An employee benefits manager may be necessary to provide better management of the employees benefits especially the health insurance and pension plans. In the case of the BR Timber Company the nature of the industry the company is in calls for the company to have an accident and dismemberment insurance plan. The manager when appointed will be able to keep abreast of all legal issues affecting the employee benefits. This will streamline the process of claiming benefits and increase the trust the employees have in the company leading to greater motivation (Mathis and Jackson, 2006) In assessing how much it needs to pay the employees to keep them motivated and still earn a profit the company ought to go through a budge process. This will provide a means for determining how much has been spent on the payroll. The positions of various employees ought to be such that their positions fit into the overall percentage of the payroll. When jobs are clearly defined determining their going rate becomes easier. Using job descriptions for entry other job will provide a means of comparison with the market place. The jobs can also be marched to others by comparison of the core functions (Krotz, 2007). To ensure that the turnover rate for employees is not high due to employee dissatisfaction with the pay it is necessary to track the competition. BR Timber pays lower than other union companies making those companies a viable alternative for the employees. Supervisors and others with positions of authority need to have a salary range especially for those whom it will be employing new. Other perks of the job can also be considered benefits and are important because work is not only about money. Overtime being such demoralizing aspect of work at BR Timber Company, the management ought to consider flextime. Most of the employees complain that they do not have enough time to spend with their families. How to cite BR Richardson Timber Corporation, Papers

Case Study on Financial Accounting AASB 138 Intangible Assets

Question: Discuss about the Financial Accounting for AASB 138 Intangible Assets. Answer: Intangible asset is the asset that is not physical in nature. The AASB 138 intangible assets explain how the intangible asset are recognized, estimated and disclosed within the financial statements. It outlines the treatment of both non identifiable and identifiable intangible assets (Berk and DeMarzo, 2007). Companies frequently incur liabilities or expend resources on the enhancement, maintenance, development, acquisition, of intangible resources such as scientific or technical knowledge, design and implementation of processes or new systems, intellectual property, trademark, market knowledge and licenses (Hillier, 2010). The disclosures of intangible assets are very much important for a company as it shows the asset value during a period of time. The intangible assets of AGL energy has been disclosed in the balance sheet of the financial statement of the organization. The balance sheet shows the assets and liabilities of a company during a period of time. The balance sheet shows property, plant and equipment of amount $6,482 million disclosed in the Note 18 and the intangible assets is around $3232 million that includes goodwill of amount $2791 disclosed in the Note 19 representing significant recorded balances in the consolidated financial position statement (Holton, 2012). The evaluation and analysis of the recoverable amount of the assets requires judgment to determine the assumptions to support the expected flow of cash and utilization of relevant assets. The valuation of the assets is also very much important for the company and the finance department plays a significant role in evaluating the value of the assets. The key areas that the AGL energy focuses are as follows: Acquiring the understanding of key control management that has placed in order to measure the unbilled cost accrual Challenging and understanding the assumption of the management relating to tariffs and volume used to determine the costs accrual by: sample basis including calculation of volumes in to sales, purchases and other systems as well as testing the control system within the departments (Moles, 2011). Prices are compared applied by the distributors with the current tariff tables Critically evaluating the methodologies of management and their key assumptions are utilized in the valuation model that are described in the Note 19 The identification of the cash generating unit includes allocation of property, plant and equipment and associated allocation and identification of the cash flow for the purpose to assess the recoverable amount of cash generating units (Paramasivan and Subramanian, 2009). The assumption for the long term growth rate in forecasting the flow of cash by comparing them to the historical results, industry and economic forecasts The applied discount rate The appropriateness of the unbilled cost accrual s based on the calculation of the expected accrual to utilize the supplied information. The finance department evaluates the models of cash flows and forecasting the flow of cash as well as assessing the historical accuracy (Spiceland, Sepe and Nelson, 2011). The sensitive analysis helps to determine and evaluate the key drivers of the growth rates uses in discount rate and cash flow forecast. The sensitive analysis includes key assumptions that either collectively or individually required for the assets to be impaired and likelihood of movement in the arising key assumptions (Stittle and Wearing, 2008). The annual report of the company shows the intangible assets in the balance sheet at the end of the financial reporting period. The financial reports is prepared as per the AASB standard. The intangible assets of Medibank is also shown in the balance sheet of the company. The disclosure of intangible assets includes: Goodwill Goodwill is estimated as described in the Note 3(f)(x) of the annual report. The intangible asset includes goodwill on the acquisition of the subsidiaries. It is not amortized but it is evaluated for impairment and it is carried at the cost less the impairment losses (Wolf, 2008). Losses and gains on the disposal of an organization includes carrying amount of the goodwill related to the company sold. The goodwill is allocated to the CGUs for the objective of the of the impairment testing. Software The costs incurred in obtaining licenses and software will contribute to the financial benefits in future period through cost reduction and revenue generation are capitalized to the software intangibles. The capitalized costs include direct costs of service and material and payroll related costs and direct payroll of the employees (Berk and DeMarzo, 2007). The software intangibles are commonly carried at the cost less impairment losses and accumulated amortization. Customer relationships and contracts Customer relationship and contracts acquired as the part of the business are separately recognized from goodwill. The customer contracts and relationship are carried at the fair value acquisition dateless impairment losses and accumulated amortization (Hillier, 2010). The amortization of the customer relationships and contracts is estimated on the basis of the straight line method over expected useful life that for the assets owned currently by the group is around 10 to 12 years and is determined in amortization and depreciation expense in income statement. Impairment of assets Intangible assets and goodwill have useful life and are not subjected to the amortization and annually tested for the impairment. Other assets of the company are tested for the impairment whenever changes in situations or events show that carrying amount cannot be recoverable. The impairment losses are determined for the amount at which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the recoverable amounts (Holton, 2012). Therefore, the recoverable amounts are higher of the fair value of the asset less disposal cost and value in use. The estimated flow of cash are discounted to the present value of the assets using the discount rate which reflects the assessment of current markets time value of money and specific risk to the asset. The main purpose of assessing the impairment is that the assets are appropriately grouped at low level for which there are inflow of cash that are independently largely of the inflow of cash from other group of assets. Provisions Provisions are determined and recognized when a company has a constructive and legal obligations as a result of the past event and it is important that the outflow of the resources would be required to reconcile the obligations and amounts has been estimated reliably. The provisions are not determined for the future operating losses. Thus, there are number of obligations for the company and the outflow of resources would be required to be settled by considering the obligation class a whole (Paramasivan and Subramanian, 2009). The provisions are estimated at the net present value of the estimates of the management of expenditure that is required to settle the obligations at the end of the financial reporting period. The expected payments in future are discounted using the market yield at the end of the financial reporting period using the corporate bonds with the maturity terms that matches the estimated future outflows of cash (Stittle and Wearing, 2008). The increase in provision du e to the time passage is recognized as the interest expense. The annual report of the company shows the intangible assets in the balance sheet at the end of the financial reporting period. References Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P. (2007).Corporate finance. Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley. Hillier, D. (2010).Corporate finance. London: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Holton, R. (2012).Global finance. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Moles, P. (2011).Corporate finance. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Paramasivan, C. and Subramanian, T. (2009).Financial management. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. Spiceland, J., Sepe, J. and Nelson, M. (2011).Intermediate accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Stittle, J. and Wearing, B. (2008).Financial accounting. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. Wolf, M. (2008).Fixing global finance. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.